Suchergebnisse

Introduction. Institutes and institutions are phenomena that invariably accompany the development of economic systems. Their existence is a consequence of the limited rationality of a person, who, a priori, does not have possibilities and time to fully substantiate possible strategies of behavior. The appearance of institutes (institutions) is due to the attempt to save efforts on the acquisition and processing of information. The world agro-food system is developed not only under the influence of a certain set of institutions or by the functioning of a number of institutes, but within the framework of their specific structured population, which is determined by the specificity of individual countries. Institutions and institutes form the institutional environment of economic systems, characterized by a certain institutional structure. The latter connects various elements and subsystems, determines the nature of their interaction, and thus lays the foundation for their concerted functioning within the world agro-food system.Purpose. The purpose of the scientific article is to substantiate the institutional- integrative principles of research into the development of the world agro-food system. Results. The prerequisites and factors of the origin and existence of institutes and institutions are determined. The sources of origin of the terms "institute" and "institution" are pointed out and their clear distinction is made in the works of Western scholars. The unreasonableness of the identification of the terms "institute" and "institution" in the sociological and economic tradition of Ukraine and other post-Soviet countries has been clarified. It is noted that in the works of national and other authors there was a real loss of such a specific concept as "institution". It is proved that the reason for the reduction of the conceptual apparatus of institutionalism in the Russian language is the consolidation of the term "institute" (instead of "institution") in the process of mistranslating T. Veblen's seminal work "The Theory of the Inactive Class": in its subtitle it was precisely about the institutions ("An Economic Study of Institution"), not about the institutes as translated. It is emphasized that, without acquaintance with the work of the founder of neoinstitutionalism of D. North (which is published in the Ukrainian translation) "Institutions, institutional change and functioning of the economy", most domestic authors copy the references to the Russian edition of this book. It is shown that the distortion of the methodological apparatus of research greatly simplifies the process of presenting their results, since all phenomena are simply united within a single concept of "institute" without a deep theoretical analysis of their essence. It is noted that the concept of the Institute is now excessively absolutized and used without reason.Originality. The institutional-integrative principles of research into the development of the world agro-food system have been improved based on the disclosure of the components of the institutional environment of this system and its hierarchical structure, determination of the functional role of institutions and institutes. The three-level scheme of analysis of the interaction of institutions and institutes are used to determine the development of the agro-food system: institutions and institutes that determine the institutional environment; institutional agreements; organizations and other market actors. The reasons of institutional pitfalls have been identified. Theoretical analysis of the resource supply of economic activity is made, which is related to the positioning of the subjects of the agro-food market in the external environment and is manifested mainly at the informal level.Conclusion. In terms of institutional-integrative analysis, the behavior of subjects within the institutional environment of the agro-food system is adaptive. They will dwell on some acceptable (satisfying) version of their behavior. The form of its implementation is joining the existing system of relations. Therefore, the economic entity will try to "fit in" this institutional environment, in particular, at its hierarchical level, which is represented by different structures of bilateral relations. This kind of entry is not always easy, since it requires considerable material and intellectual resources; these costs are called investments in relationships (transactional investments). Therefore, the subject's desire to maintain the status quo may outweigh the effort to generate revenue. Given the informational importance of modern communication tools, we have come to the conclusion that they destroy indirect, remote structures of social interaction that require institutionalization and formal expression. Nowadays, economic conditions and technologies do not automatically and unconditionally provide a definite financial result; individual and collective actions within the existing relationships, social relations, and competitive situation on the market determine what opportunity will be used.

Problem. Despite the significant increase in the area of organic land in Ukraine, the vast majority of these areas are occupied by arable crops. Thus, 48.1% of all organic lands are occupied by cereals, more than 16% are oilseeds; 4.6% - legumes; 2% - vegetables, 0.6% - fruits. Of the 485 domestic entrepreneurs who received an organic certificate, only 15 entrepreneurs or 3% of their total number produce livestock products.Purpose of the article is a theoretical and methodological justification of the organizational and economic mechanism of organic livestock products production and consumption development in Ukraine.Results. The logical chain of concepts "mechanism" - "economic mechanism" - "organizational and economic mechanism" - "organizational and economic of organic livestock products production and consumption development" is substantiated, and also author's interpretations of these concepts are offered. The principles of formation and improvement of organizational and economic mechanism (EOM) of organic livestock products production and consumption development are defined: unity of economic, social and ecological goals, neoprotectionism, and sufficiency of grounds for state intervention and efficiency, equivalence and proportionality, efficiency. The conceptual scheme of OEM development of organic production and consumption of livestock products is offered, which combines the purpose and tasks, factors and preconditions, priorities of formation, as well as tools, measures and expected results of OEM implementation. The existing disparities in the development of the domestic organic sector (in the direction of priority development of organic crop production) are indicated. The tools of direct and indirect state support for the production of organic livestock products are substantiated. A number of measures and tools have been developed to stimulate demand for organic livestock products, as well as to expand their exports.Originality. For the first time, the theoretical foundations of the study of the impact of organizational and economic support for the organic livestock products production and consumption development on the formation of value added within the country, as well as the growth of intellectual potential of the nation. Theoretical principles serve as an effective tool for understanding the priority of creating added value in animal husbandry, the direct dependence of the nation's health and the growth of its intellectual potential on the processes of consuming food rich in essential animal proteins. Mechanisms for stimulating demand for organic livestock products and mechanisms for stimulating its exports have been improved. Their implementation will increase the capacity of the domestic market of organic livestock products, increase the competitiveness of domestic products, accelerate the process of conquering new markets, improve the structure of domestic exports and expand its range.Conclusions. Given the actual absence of PDO / PGI / TSG certification systems for livestock products in Ukraine, given the duration of the relevant legislation and its implementation, there is no reason to predict the growth of production and consumption of these products in the medium term. Accordingly, high-quality livestock products will be associated primarily with organic products. Author's measures and tools provide a direct link between state support for the livestock industry and ensuring the quality of livestock products. To increase the availability of organic products to the average consumer, to curb the social stratification of society, it is proposed to reduce the VAT rate to 7% on the main types of organic livestock products. This will achieve a number of goals: first, to provide healthy food to a significant proportion of the population, and secondly, increase the efficiency of organic livestock production and competitiveness of these products, which will strengthen the position of domestic producers of organic products in domestic and foreign markets, accumulate added value inland.

The scientific article reveals the vectors of evolution of state control over safety and individual indicators of quality of livestock products in Ukraine. The analysis of the state control system is carried out in the context of five components: 1) legislation; 2) management and its organizational structure; 3) inspection service; 4) laboratory service; 5) information, training and communication. The problems that cause the low quality and danger of many livestock products in Ukraine have been identified. The ways of improvement of the state control over safety and separate indicators of quality of livestock products in Ukraine are shown.

Мета. Метою дослідження є узагальнення сучасних підходів до менеджменту проєктів енергозбереження та енергетичних інвестицій в енергоощадні заходи в навчальних закладах.
Результати. У статті доведено, що менеджмент проєктів енергозбереження та енергетичних інвестицій в енергоощадні заходи в навчальних закладах суттєво обтяжений дефіцитом бюджетів усіх рівнів та обережністю закордонних інвесторів. Зроблено висновок, що оскільки рахунки за електроенергію є однією з найвищих позицій у видатках на навчання, докладаються значні зусилля, щоб зменшити вартість рахунків за енергію через те, що ми називаємо підвищенням енергоефективності муніципальних будівель. Застосування концепції енергоефективності приводить до зменшення витрат муніципалітетів на оплату рахунків за електроенергію та дозволяє муніципалітетам використовувати заощаджені кошти для будівництва нових проєктів та підвищення рівня освітніх послуг для громадян в часи пікового навантаження або перебоїв/відключень від електромережі. Доведено, що є прямий зв'язок між поведінкою учасників освітнього процесу, їх вибором енергетичної поведінки та освітніми втратами. Крім того, ступінь реалізації теоретичного потенціалу зменшення енергетичного навантаження залежить від індивідуальних процесів прийняття рішень щодо підвищення енергоефективності в бюджетному секторі та може значно зменшити забруднення повітря та викиди парникових газів. Витрати на енергозбереження установи, які враховують при розрахунку вартості навчання, абітурієнти готові брати лише за умови, що установа має зобов'язання щодо повної ліквідації або принаймні всі відповідні заходи вжито в цьому напрямі. Тобто здійснюється закладом все для забезпечення надання освітніх послуг у комфортних умовах з урахуванням безпеки життєдіяльності. Проте, хоча для впровадження відповідних заходів заклади докладуть чимало зусиль щодо енергозбереження, це неможливо зробити без скасування воєнного стану та відновлення безперебійності електромережі по всій державі.
Наукова новизна. Новизна полягає в актуалізації впливу менеджменту проєктів енергозбереження та енергетичних інвестицій в енергоощадні заходи в навчальних закладах на вартості, а відповідно, і доступності навчання в Україні.
Практична цінність. Цінність проведеного дослідження полягає у стратегуванні проєктів енергозбереження та енергетичних інвестицій в енергоощадні заходи в навчальних закладах.

Introduction. A key element of the study of economic relations in the high-quality animal products market is the disclosure of the theoretical and methodological bases of pricing. Pricing processes directly affect the results of public reproduction in the agricultural sector, determine the satisfaction of the population's needs for basic animal products. The problems of securing high rates of livestock intensification in the current conditions and raising the standard of living of the population cannot be solved without establishing an effective pricing mechanism and harmonization of price proportions in the agro-industrial complex.The purpose of the article is to determine the principles and methods of pricing for high quality animal products in modern conditions.Results. The need to develop a systematic concept of price based on the study of the impact on the price of a number of interrelated factors is substantiated. To substantiate this concept, the toolkit for the concept of alternative value of goods was used. It is proved that price is a form of monetary value of goods. It is formed under the influence of a system of pricing factors (economic, technological, psychological, political, etc.) that have different orientations and potentials of influence depending on a particular situation for a certain period of time. The pricing process is related not only to production but also to market conditions. The principles and methods of pricing for high quality livestock products in modern conditions are determined. The basic principles of pricing, along with the scientific, goal-oriented, continuity, include the principles of proportionality and adequacy. It is concluded that the application of pricing methods with a focus on demand and competition in the context of large scale falsification of products, with the predominance of oligopolistic environment does not ensure the establishment of a price for high quality animal products, which will guarantee at least a simple reproduction.Originality. Theoretical approaches to substantiating the systematic concept of pricing for high-quality livestock products have been further developed. Such approaches are a logical continuation of the part of economic theory that has been called value theory by prominent representatives of economic thought. A conceptual clause has been formed whereby value as an economic category expresses the subjective aspect of the perception of the goods, both by the consumer (on the basis of its usefulness, rarity), and by the producer (on the basis of awareness of the alternative value of the goods, i.e. the value of lost opportunities from alternative use of resources).Conclusions. The existing animal husbandry support methods in Ukraine are insufficient and ineffective and do not provide equivalent cross-sectoral exchange. Partial compensation for interest rates on loans, some subsidies for livestock production and milk production, and partial compensation for fixed assets indirectly influence the increase in animal products production. For a commodity producer, the main motive for his activity is to obtain income from the sale of products, at the expense of which it is possible to cover the available costs. Therefore, the most rational method of stimulating the production of high quality animal products is the introduction of a mechanism of government support for purchase prices, which will create economic interest in increasing its output and sale.

ntroduction. Globalization and its impact on the development of social relations should be considered in the continuous process of adaptation of individuals, their groups, local communities, NGOs, enterprises, states and their groups to changing environmental conditions, the initial of which are internal changes in these globalization. Today, the consequences are mainly analyzed, and the globalization effects themselves, in particular on land management, have not been systematically studied in science. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to research of modeling of land resources management in Ukraine in the context of globalization and formation of sustainable agri-food systems. Results. Types of globalization impacts on land management are classified. The use of preventive and reactionary measures is argued, taking into account the capabilities of the state within the framework of international law. The practical significance of the obtained results is that based on the improvement of the categorical apparatus the scheme of deformation of land relations from globalization influences through competition on the world market of land resources and through competition on the world market of agricultural products is given. Ukraine's backlash, unlike many other countries, makes it possible to use, in addition to intensive, extensive neutralizers of globalization effects, such as land user measures to increase the land bank to prevention of reduction of the absolute value of differential rent II and measures of the land user on formation of vertically integrated structures for prevention of reduction of the absolute value of profit. Originality. The concept of "global deformation" in the context of land management of the agricultural sector of the economy, which should be understood as a change in the format of established national social relations under the influence of globalization of social, economic, political, organizational, financial, informational, preventive and/or administrative adapters and country ...